白銀供應鏈風險減緩策略

Risk Mitigation Strategy for Silver Supply Chain 

在現代企業(yè)的發(fā)展中，供應鏈發(fā)揮著越來越大的作用，同時供應鏈風險也愈加嚴重。紫金銅業(yè)有限公司從供應鏈風險的防范措施、風險減緩策略兩個方面做了相應措施。

In the development of modern enterprises, supply chain plays an increasingly important role. Meanwhile, the risks of supply chain are also growing. Zijin Copper Co., Ltd. takes corresponding measures in respect of supply chain risk prevention and supply chain risk mitigation

一、供應鏈風險減緩策略的目的

1.Purpose of Supply Chain Risk Mitigation Strategy

紫金銅業(yè)有限公司供應鏈風險管理則旨在識別潛在的風險并采取適當的行動以規(guī)避或消除風險。

The supply chain risk management of Zijin Copper Co., Ltd. aims to identify potential risks and take appropriate actions to avoid or eliminate risks.

二、供應鏈風險的分類和特點

2. Classification and Characteristic of Supply Chain Risk

按照風險來源，供應鏈風險一般可分為三種，即供應鏈外部風險、供應鏈內部風險和企業(yè)間的合作風險。供應鏈外部風險是指因外部客觀環(huán)境的變化給企業(yè)帶來受損的風險和可能性，通常由短期內不為企業(yè)所控制的變量構成；供應鏈內部風險主要來自組成供應鏈系統(tǒng)各環(huán)節(jié)之間的關系，由各環(huán)節(jié)之間潛在的互動博弈與合作造成；企業(yè)間的合作風險主要指關聯的合作企業(yè)間產生的風險。

According to the source of risks, supply chain risks can be generally divided into three types: the external risks, the internal risks, and cooperation risks between enterprises. The external risks of supply chain refer to the risks and possibilities of damage to the enterprise due to the change of external objective environment, which are usually composed of variables that are not controlled by the enterprise in short term. The internal risks of supply chain mainly come from the relationship between various links of supply chain system, which are caused by the potential reciprocal game and cooperation in various links. The cooperation risks between enterprises mainly refer to the risks between associated cooperative enterprises.

（1）客觀性與必然性

(1) Objectivity and Inevitability

自然災害是不以人們的主觀意志為轉移的客觀存在，決定了供應鏈風險的產生具有客觀性。供應鏈環(huán)節(jié)中的企業(yè)彼此存在潛在利益沖突和信息不對稱。在這種不穩(wěn)定的系統(tǒng)內，各節(jié)點企業(yè)是通過不完全契約方式來實現企業(yè)之間的協(xié)調，因而供應鏈必然存在風險性。

Natural disaster is an objective existence that is independent of people's subjective will, and it determines the objectivity of supply chain risk. There are potential conflicts of interests and information asymmetry between enterprises in supply chain. In this kind of unstable system, each node enterprise realizes the coordination among enterprises through incomplete contracts. Accordingly, the supply chain risks are inevitably exist.

（2）偶然性和不確定性

(2) Contingency and Uncertainty

雖然供應鏈風險具有客觀性和必然性，但是我們并不知道它什么時候發(fā)生，在哪發(fā)生，這種風險帶來的損失是不確定的，所引起的損失往往是以偶然和不確定的形式呈現在人們面前的。供應鏈風險是作為一種具有發(fā)生和不發(fā)生兩種可能的隨機現象而存在的。

In spite of the objectivity and inevitability of supply chain risks, we do not know when and where it occurs. The loss caused by the risks, which is often presented in the form of incidental and inconclusive, is uncertain. Supply chain risks exist as random phenomena with possibilities of occurrence and non-occurrence.

（3）多樣性與復雜性

(3) Diversity and Complexity

供應鏈從誕生之日起就面對許多風險，它要面對普通單個企業(yè)所要面對的系統(tǒng)風險與非系統(tǒng)風險、財務資產風險、人力資產風險、危害性風險與財務性風險、技術與信息資源傳遞風險等。同時還有企業(yè)間的合作風險，技術與信息資源傳遞的風險，合作利潤在不同企業(yè)間的分配風險，市場風險等。這些風險是復雜的，而且是很難預測的。

Since its birth, supply chain has faced many risks which an ordinary individual enterprise has to experience, such as system risk and non-system risk, financial asset risk, human asset risk, hazardous risk, financial risk, and technology and information resource transfer risk, etc. At the same time, there are cooperation risks among enterprises, transfer risks of technology and information resources, distribution risks of cooperation profits among different enterprises, market risks and so on. These risks are complex and hard to predict.

（4）傳遞性與放大性

(4) Transmissibility and Expandability

由于供應鏈從產品開發(fā)、生產到流通過程是由多個節(jié)點企業(yè)共同參與，因而風險因素可以通過供應鏈流程在各個企業(yè)間傳遞和累積。供應鏈上的一個企業(yè)出現問題，會影響其他企業(yè)的運轉，比如說，供應商供應出現了問題就會影響到生產商，銷售商等等。這是由于供應鏈作為一個系統(tǒng)而產生的特點。

Since the process of supply chain from product development, production to circulation is jointly participated by multiple enterprises, risk factors can be transferred and accumulated among enterprises through the supply chain. One problem occurred in an enterprise in the chain will affect the operation of other enterprises. For example, the problem of a supplier will affect the manufacturer and seller, etc. This is a characteristic of the supply chain as a system.

三、風險防范措施

3. Risk Prevention Measures

（1）加強信息交流與共享

（1）Strengthen Information Exchanging and Sharing

提高信息溝通效率，信息技術的應用增加了信息技術間的通信能力。供應鏈企業(yè)之間通過建立多種信息溝通的渠道，加大信息共享，比如共享庫存、訂單、生產計劃等，盡力消除“牛鞭效應”等不真實的信息的傳遞，從而降低不確定性，降低風險。

To improve the efficiency of information exchange. The application of information technology increases the communication ability between them. Through the establishment of a variety of information exchange channels between supply chain enterprises, they increase information sharing, such as the sharing of inventory, orders, production plans, etc., and try to eliminate the inauthentic information transmission such as the bullwhip effect, so as to reduce uncertainties and risks.

（2）設立多供應商、多供應渠道的多頭供應鏈體系

(2) Set up Multi-Supply Chain System with Multi–Supplier and Multi-Supply Channel

為確保原料的穩(wěn)定供應， 供應鏈上應該發(fā)展多個供應商。除了設立多供應商外， 還設立多供應渠道， 它包括多種付款方式、物流方式和采購模式。設立多頭供應鏈體系是解決供應鏈瓶頸、預防供應鏈風險的重要舉措， 保證了原料的穩(wěn)定供給。

To ensure a stable supply of raw materials, multiple suppliers are supposed to be developed in supply chain. In addition to multiple suppliers, it should also set up multiple supply channels, including a variety of payment methods, logistics methods, and procurement models. The establishment of multi-supply chain system is a significant measure to solve the bottleneck and prevent the risk of supply chain, which ensures the stable supply of raw materials.

（3）對供應商進行跟蹤評估

(3) Follow up and Evaluate Suppliers

針對供應源質量異常風險， 需要建立供應商跟蹤評估。對重要供應商經營的情況和存在問題進行分析， 對其質量控制、成本控制、技術開發(fā)、信用等方面做及時的調查， 并進行科學的評估。

In terms of the risks of abnormal quality of supply source, it is necessary to establish a supplier follow-up assessment system to analyze the operation situation and existing problems of premier suppliers, as well as conduct timely investigation on their quality control, cost control, technology development, credit, etc. for scientific evaluation.

（4）采用先進的信息技術

(4) Adopt Advanced Information Technology

企業(yè)在生產經營過程中， 可通過使用微信、QQ、郵件， Internet等方式來實現供應鏈的互聯， 實現信息的共享， 加快信息的反饋， 減少信息的流通環(huán)節(jié)， 建立成熟的信息傳遞渠道， 確保供應鏈所要求的數據信息完整、可靠和安全。在物流過程中， 充分利用現代物流管理技術， 例如全球定位系統(tǒng)、地理信息系統(tǒng)等， 以防供應鏈的物流風險。

In the process of production and operation, enterprises can use WeChat, QQ, email, Internet, and other ways to interconnect the supply chain, which can realize the sharing of information, speed up the feedback of information, reduce the circulation links of information, establish a mature information transmission channel, and ensure the integrity, reliability, and security of the data information required by the supply chain. In the process of logistics, enterprises are supposed to make full use of modern logistics management technology, such as global positioning system, geographic information system, etc., in order to prevent the logistics risks of supply chain.

（5）制定發(fā)生供應鏈風險的應急措施

(5)Formulate Emergency Measures for Supply Chain Risks

供應鏈是多環(huán)節(jié)、多通道的一種復雜的系統(tǒng)， 往往難以避免發(fā)生一些風險事件， 所以， 供應鏈企業(yè)要對風險的發(fā)生有充分的準備， 提早制定應變措施， 以便能在風險無法避免的情況下， 將損失控制在企業(yè)能接受的范圍之內。

Supply chain is a complex system with multi-links and multi-channels. It is often difficult to avoid some risk events. Therefore, supply chain enterprises should be fully prepared for the occurrence of risks and formulate contingency measures in advance, so as to control the losses within the acceptable range of the enterprises in case of unavoidable risks.

四、供應鏈風險處理

4. Supply Chain Risk Management

供應鏈中的風險處理方式分為三種，一為自留，二為轉移，三為轉移和自留結合。

There are three ways to deal with risks in the supply chain: self-retention, transfer, and the combination of transfer and self-retention.

（1）自留時采取的控制措施

(1) Control Measures in Self-Retention

（a） 改進結構

a）Improve the structure

發(fā)展多種供應渠道、多地域供應渠道，加強對供應商的跟蹤評估。實行企業(yè)供應鏈組織流程重組，使整個供應鏈可以快速響應市場。

To develop a variety of supply channels, multi-regional supply channels, as well as strengthen the follow up and evaluation for suppliers. To implement the reorganization of organization process of enterprise in supply chain, the supply chain can respond to the market quickly.

（b） 加強核心企業(yè)對風險的控制能力

（b）Strengthen core enterprises' ability to control risks

核心企業(yè)的領導作用有利于在整個供應鏈上保持強大的改進壓力，從而提高了供應鏈的協(xié)同性和運作效率。

The leadership role of the core enterprise is conducive to maintaining strong pressure to improve the whole supply chain, thus to improve the coordination and operation efficiency.

（c） 降低契約誠信和信息因素帶來的風險

（c）Reduce the risks caused by contractual integrity and information factors

供應鏈企業(yè)間出現的道德風險，主要通過盡可能消除信息不對稱性來防范；利用現代化的通訊和信息手段管理并優(yōu)化整個供應鏈體系，通過實現信息共享，使供應鏈企業(yè)之間實現無縫連接。

The moral hazard among supply chain enterprises can mainly be prevented by eliminating information asymmetry as far as possible; by using modern communication and information approaches to manage and optimize the entire supply chain system, supply chain enterprises can achieve seamless connection through the realization of information sharing.

（d） 降低合作伙伴風險

（d）Reduce cooperation partner risks

對重要供應商經營的情況和存在問題進行分析，一旦發(fā)現某重要供應商可能出現問題，應及時通知對方進行預防和改進，必要時要對有關供應商進行調整。  

The operation situation and existing problems of premier suppliers is analyzed. Once a premier supplier is found to have possible problems, the enterprise shall inform it to prevent and improve in time, as well as make adjustments to relevant suppliers if necessary.

（e） 制定發(fā)生供應鏈風險的應急措施

（e）Formulate emergency measures

（f） 強化風險的日常管理

（f） Strengthen daily management

（2）轉移方式

（2）Transfer Method

供應鏈風險轉移是將供應鏈中可能發(fā)生風險的一部分轉移出去的風險防范方式，風險轉移可分為保險轉移。以合同形式將自然災害、意外事故可能造成的損失、人身傷亡及對他人的經濟賠償責任造成的經濟損失轉移給保險公司。

Supply chain risk transfer is a risk prevention method to transfer the part with possible risks in the supply chain. Risk transfer can be divided into insurance transfer. In the form of a contract, the economic loss caused by natural disasters, accidents, personal casualties, and economic compensation liability for others are transferred to the insurance company.

五、結語

5. Conclusion

由于供應鏈風險是由多種因素引起的，外部和內部環(huán)境的復雜性都會給供應鏈風險識別帶來困難。隨著信息技術的不斷進步和市場競爭加劇，供應鏈管理已經成為企業(yè)獲得競爭優(yōu)勢的關鍵因素之一，隨著供應鏈層數的增加，供應鏈的成員企業(yè)越來越多，供應鏈的結構日趨復雜，而供應鏈的復雜性導致供應鏈產生風險。要實現供應鏈高效安全地運作，就必須針對供應鏈內外潛在風險，實施恰當的戰(zhàn)略和行動來減少或化解風險。

For the reason that supply chain risks are caused by many factors, the complexity of external and internal environment will bring difficulties to the identification of supply chain risks. With the continuous progress of information technology and the intensification of market competition, supply chain management has become one of the key factors for enterprises to obtain competitive advantages. With the increase of supply chain layers, there are more and more member enterprises joining in the supply chain, and the structure of supply chain is increasingly complex. Meanwhile, the complexity of the supply chain leads to risks in it. In order to realize the efficient and safe operation of supply chain, it is necessary to implement appropriate strategies and actions to reduce or defuse the potential risks inside and outside the supply chain.